The “Greeks”

The “Greeks” are measures designed to better understand how option prices change when the underlying stock changes in value and/or time passes by (and options decline in value).

My goal is to keep this discussion of Greek measures as simple as possible. It is not easy. I have tried many times to explain these terms to people in person. I have seen their eyes glaze over before I get past Alpha.

I’m sure you heard about the fellow who bragged that he could speak every language except Greek, and when asked to say something in a particular foreign language, answered “It’s all Greek to me.” Let’s hope that isn’t your answer next time you are asked about a Greek stock option measure.

I’ll confine this discussion to three measures of market risk exposure – delta, gamma, and theta. Mathematicians gave these measures the names of Greek letters, or names that sound like they’re Greek letters (vega, another measure which we will not discuss here, is not in the Greek alphabet, but sounds like it should be).

Delta, gamma,and theta are the three most important Greeks in the world of stock options, and each tells us something important about an option. If you own 100 shares of a company’s stock, your market risk is easy to understand. If the stock rises (or falls) by $1.00, you gain (or lose) $100. It’s not so simple with stock options. The most common way to measure market risk for an option is the Greek called delta.

Deltais the amount the option will change in value if the stock goes up by $1.00. If an option carries a delta of 70, and the stock goes up by $1.00, the price of the option will rise by $.70 ($70 since each option is worth 100 shares).

Owning an option which has a delta of 70 means that you own the equivalent of 70 shares of the company’s stock.

All options do not have the same delta value. Deep in-the-money options have very high delta values (perhaps in the 90s), while way out-of-the-money options have very low delta values (could be under 10).

To make matters more confusing, delta values change over the life of the option, even if the price of the stock remains unchanged. An in-the-money option, which might have a delta value of 60 with a month to go until expiration, will have a delta value of essentially 100 on expiration Friday.

You can calculate the net delta value of your composite option positions by multiplying the delta value of your long options by the number of those options and subtracting the delta value of your short options multiplied by the number of those options. The resulting figure, net delta value, tells you how much the value of your current option portfolio will change if the underlying stock goes up by $1.00. It is perhaps the best measure of market risk at any given moment.

Most professional market makers who hold a variety of options in their account, some long, some short, some puts and some calls, calculate their net delta value continually throughout the day so that they don’t expose themselves to more risk than their comfort level allows. Ideally, they like to be net delta neutral, which means that with their current configuration of option holdings, they do not care whether the market goes up or down.

Gammais a measure of how much delta changes with a dollar change in the price of the stock. Just as with deltas, all gammas are different for different options. While you may establish a net delta neutral position (i.e., you don’t care if the stock goes up or down), the gamma will most always move you away from delta neutrality as soon as the underlying stock changes in value.

If there is a lot of time left in an option (such as a LEAP), the gamma tends to be quite stable (i.e., low). This holds true for both in-the-money and out-of-the-money options. Short-term options, on the other hand, have widely fluctuating gammas, especially when the strike price of the option is very close to the stock price.

A perfectly neutral option strategy would have a zero net delta position and a zero net gamma position. As long as you deal with calendar spreads, you will never enjoy this luxury. You will always see your net delta position fall as the stock price rises, and watch your net delta position rise as the stock price falls. Gamma measures tend to do the same, which serves to accelerate the change in the net delta position of a calendar spread portfolio.

Occasionally checking out the net gamma position lets you know how big the change in your net delta position will be if the stock moves up or down in price. It helps you know how your exposure to market risk will change as the stock price changes.

Thetais my favorite Greek, because it tells me how much money I will make today if the price of the stock stays flat when I have my favorite positions (calendar spreads) in place. Theta is the amount of daily decay. It is expressed as a negative number if you own an option (that is how much your option will decay in value in one day).

On the other hand, if you are short an option, theta is a positive number which shows how much you will earn while the option you sold to someone else goes down in value in one day.

Theta tells you how many dollars you will make today if the stock stays flat. For me, knowing this number has some negative implications, however. If I’m at a restaurant on a night when the market didn’t change much, I might remember the theta value that day – it was sort of “free” money I really didn’t make any effort to earn. Oftentimes, I order a too expensive bottle of wine because of that silly theta number).

The ultimate goal of my favorite calendar spread strategy (which I call the 10K Strategy) is to maximize the net theta position in your account without letting the net delta value get so high or low that you will lose a lot of money if the stock moves against you.

This short discussion of the Greeks should be all you need to impress your friends next time you talk about the stock market. All you need to do is to get around to the topic of stock options, and drop a few Greek names on them (ask them if they know what their net delta position was yesterday, or did their theta increase much last week, and watch their eyes glaze over).

I have found that the Greeks are very effective conversation stoppers. Feel free to use them whenever the need arises.

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October 31, 2023

Dear [[firstname]],

Happy Halloween!

I haven’t written in a couple of weeks since credits weren’t close enough to my target entry prices when I initially sent the trades to my subscribers. However, the credit for last week’s trade on Charles Schwab (SCHW) has come back and now exceeds my initial target.

So, I figured why not send it now since I still like the setup. I’m not changing the initial write-up that I sent to my Saturday Report subscribers on October 21, so it may sound a bit outdated. But the trade is still a good play.

Moreover, this week’s trade credit is a little above my entry level, so it’s good to go as well. So, you’re getting a first this week – two trades. Both bearish call credit spreads on stocks after they reported earnings.

Before I get to the trades, I want to let you know that our Terry’s Tips portfolios have caught fire in the past couple of weeks. We’re up 7% for the past two weeks while the S&P 500 fell nearly 5%. Our recent surge has pushed our overall return to more than triple that of the S&P this year.

I’m also happy to highlight our Microsoft (MSFT) portfolio, which gained 14% just last week alone and 40% over the past four weeks. It’s now up 65% for the year and is challenging our QQQ portfolio, which is up more than 70%!

How long can you afford to miss out on these profits? For our loyal newsletter subscribers (that’s you), I’m of course keeping the sale going that saves you more than 50% on a monthly subscription to Terry’s Tips.

You’ll get …

A month of all trade alerts in our four portfolios, giving detailed instructions for entering and exiting positions. Trade one portfolio or all four. It’s up to you.
Four to five (depending on the month) weekly issues of our Saturday Report, which shows all the trades and positions for our four portfolios, a discussion of the week’s trading activity and early access to our Option Trade of the Week.
Instructions on how to execute the 10K Strategy on your own.
A 14-day options tutorial on the opportunities and risks of trading options.
Our updated 10K Strategy white paper, a thorough discussion of the strategy basics and tactics.
Full-member access to all our premium special reports that can make you a wiser and more profitable options trader.

To become a Terry’s Tips Insider Member, just Click Here, select Sign Up Now and use Coupon Code D21M to start a monthly subscription to Terry’s Tips for half off. You can cancel after a month but, of course, keep all the valuable reports.

I look forward to having you join in the fun and profits! Now on to the trades, starting with the previous week’s trade …

Avast Ye Schwabs

Two call spreads in Estee Lauder (EL) and the SPDR Healthcare ETF (XLV) expired worthless yesterday for gains of 25% apiece. To be fair, our bullish spread on Lululemon Athletica (LULU) expired in the money a week earlier for a larger loss. But the LULU misstep interrupted a string of seven straight winners. A large part of this success has been due to taking a more bearish stance toward the market. In fact, today’s trade marks the fifth straight bearish call spread and eighth of the past 11. And with good reason, as our only losses of the past two months have been bullish positions. We’re on a solid roll. I hope you’re banking some winners.

With earnings season hitting full stride this week, there’s no end to the trade possibilities. Of course, there were the spotlight names, such as Tesla (TSLA) and Netflix (NFLX), whose large post-earnings moves grabbed headlines. But I prefer stocks that have smaller, off-the-radar moves that have a lower likelihood of reversing. One such stock is Charles Schwab (SCHW), which is no stranger to these pages (you may recall I had a few issues with the TD transition in September).

SCHW reported before the open on Monday, so we had a whole week’s worth of post-earnings price action to digest. The numbers were mixed, with net income coming in slightly ahead of expectations while revenue fell a bit short. However, both numbers fell far short of last year’s figures. I won’t bore you by parsing through all the individual data points (bank deposits, net interest revenue, TD migration, new brokerage accounts, etc.). Analysts seem to feel that SCHW still faces several short-term hurdles that have buffeted it all year, though the longer-term prospects are encouraging.

Speaking of analysts, their reaction was much like SCHW’s earnings … mixed. There were no ratings changes while target price changes went both ways. But analysts are clearly bullish on SCHW, giving it a solid buy rating on average. The average target price is near $70, which is around 35% above Friday’s close. This fits into the struggle now, prosper later narrative I mentioned above. But since we’re looking ahead only a few weeks, the bearish case makes more sense.

On the chart, the stock reacted positively to earnings, popping 6% in Monday’s trading before settling for a 4.7% gain. But that was the high close of the week, as the shares tumbled more than 5% after Monday. It’s notable that the 20-day moving average provided staunch resistance throughout the week, containing the initial Monday burst and then sending the stock lower through the week’s end. The 20-day has done a solid job keeping the current decline intact since it rolled over in May. I’ll also note that the stock enjoyed a massive 12.6% spike after its previous earnings report in July, only to give it all back during the subsequent month.

If you agree that the stock will continue its downtrend based on the resistance from its 20-day moving average, consider the following credit spread trade that relies on SCHW staying below $53 through expiration in 6 weeks:

Buy to Open the SCHW 1 Dec 56 call (SCHW231201C56)
Sell to Open the SCHW 1 Dec 53 call (SCHW231201C53) for a credit of $0.75 (selling a vertical)

This credit is $0.09 less than the mid-point price of the spread at Friday’s $50.87 close. Note that I’m giving a little extra room on the entry credit. Unless SCHW falls sharply at the open on Monday, you should be able to get close to that price.

The commission on this trade should be no more than $1.30 per spread. Each spread would then yield $73.70. This trade reduces your buying power by $300, making your net investment $226.30 per spread ($300 – $73.70). If SCHW closes below $53 on Dec. 1, the options will expire worthless and your return on the spread would be 33% ($73.70/$226.30).

Here’s this week’s trade …

Low Voltage

We had another spread expire worthless on Friday, but it made us sweat. Adobe (ADBE) was looking great, which was saying something as our only open bullish position. It hit an annual high on Oct. 12, putting the short put nearly 15% out of the money. Then the falling market tide grabbed the stock and pulled it down to within eight points of the short strike at Friday’s close. Another day and it might have moved into the money. But it didn’t and we bagged a gain of over 30% for our eighth winner of the past nine closeouts. That leaves us with five open positions, all bearish call spreads.

I’d love to add a put spread this week, but I can’t make a case for fighting the bearish tape. Maybe next week. For this week, I had way too many earnings plays to choose from, as this was the busiest week of the season. Frankly, I stopped looking after an hour, realizing that I could have spent all day analyzing dozens and dozens of top names.

I settled on General Electric (GE), which may seem like an odd choice given that it had a blowout report and had its best post-earnings day in years. The company easily beat earnings and revenue estimates and raised earnings and revenue growth guidance for 2023. The stock responded with a 6.5% pop on Tuesday, its largest gain after earnings since Jan. 2020. What’s not to like, right?

Well, analysts didn’t seem overly excited. In fact, only two weighed in with target price increases of $1 and $2. That’s it. The average target sits near $126, which is around 19% above Friday’s close. I’ll also point out the last time GE saw $126 was six years ago. There were no ratings changes, which were already heavily slanted toward the buy level. This does not seem like a hearty endorsement of a stock that just had as good an earnings report as you’ll see.

While the shares enjoyed a big gain on Tuesday, the rest of the week didn’t go well. In fact, the stock closed out the week below the pre-earnings close. The dual resistance of the 20-day and 50-day moving averages were in play, as the stock closed the week below both. These trendlines have rolled over into declines, a bad sign given that the stock doesn’t stray far from either. Another factor to note: GE had a big pop of more than 6% after the previous earnings release, but the stock drifted lower after that first day and has never closed a day higher since.

It seems that the earnings effect lasted all of one day and the stock has resumed its downtrend that’s been in place for six weeks. This trade is a bet that the trend will continue, especially in light of the broader market’s weakness. Note that the short call strike sits above Tuesday’s close and the mid-October peak.

If you agree that the stock will continue its downtrend based on the resistance from its 20-day (blue line) and 50-day (red line) moving averages, consider the following credit spread trade that relies on GE staying below $114 (green line) through expiration in 6 weeks:

Buy to Open the GE 8 Dec 116 call (GE231208C116)
Sell to Open the GE 8 Dec 114 call (GE231208C114) for a credit of $0.40 (selling a vertical)

This credit is $0.05 less than the mid-point price of the spread at Friday’s $106.35 close. Note that I’m giving a little extra room on the entry credit. Unless GE falls sharply at the open on Monday, you should be able to get close to that price.

The commission on this trade should be no more than $1.30 per spread. Each spread would then yield $38.70. This trade reduces your buying power by $200, making your net investment $161.30 per spread ($200 – $38.70). If GE closes below $114 on Dec. 8, the options will expire worthless and your return on the spread would be 24% ($38.70/$161.30).

Good luck with these trades,

Remember to click here, select Sign Up Now and use Coupon Code D21M to start a monthly subscription to Terry’s Tips for half off.

Any questions? Email Jon@terrystips.com. Thank you again for being a part of the Terry’s Tips newsletter.

Happy trading,

Jon

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October 9, 2023

October 10, 2023

With earnings reports virtually dried up this week and wanting to stay on the bearish side, I had to go back a few weeks to find reports that failed to impress the Street. One name that popped up was a stock that we successfully played (28% profit) for a bullish winner back in March – Darden Restaurants (DRI), the sit-down restaurant chain conglomerate that includes Olive Garden, LongHorn Steakhouse, Capital Grille, and the recently acquired Ruth’s Chris Steak House.

DRI reported earnings a couple of weeks ago. The numbers were solid, as the company beat estimates on both the top and bottom lines. Same-restaurant sales also handily beat expectations. Moreover, sales and profits were higher than a year earlier. The only negatives were slowing growth in its fine-dining holdings and some concern over its aggressive expansion plans amid a potential recessionary environment.

Analysts seemed unmoved by the seemingly positive news. The report was met with a mix of target price upgrades and more numerous downgrades. This left the average target in the $160-170 range, well above Friday’s $137 close. With no ratings changes, analysts remain firmly in the buy/outperform camp.

Perhaps analysts should take closer note of DRI’s stock chart and post-earnings performance. After hitting an all-time high in late July, the stock is down 21% and logged its lowest close in nearly a year on Friday. I’ll point out that the S&P 500 is down just 5% over the same time frame. This slump has been perfectly guided by the 20-day moving average, a trendline the stock hasn’t closed above in more than two months. Also, for technical wonks, the 50-day moving average is crossing below the 200-day moving average, also known as the “death cross.”

This bearish trade is based on the stock’s continued slump even after the good earnings results. With analysts perhaps too optimistic, it’s reasonable to expect some target price reductions, if not some ratings downgrades that could further pressure the share price.

Finally, the 20-day resistance is hard to ignore, which is why we’re playing a call spread with the short call strike sitting just above this trendline. Note that this trade has a smaller return than most because I wanted the short strike to be above the 20-day. Thus, we have a larger cushion of safety and greater probability of profit.

If you agree that the stock will continue its downtrend based on the resistance from its 20-day moving average (blue line), consider the following credit spread trade that relies on DRI staying below $145 (red line) through expiration in 6 weeks:

Buy to Open the DRI 17 Nov 150 call (DRI231117C150)
Sell to Open the DRI 17 Nov 145 call (DRI231117C145) for a credit of $0.85 (selling a vertical)

This credit is $0.02 less than the mid-point price of the spread at Friday’s $136.94 close. Unless DRI falls sharply at the open on Monday, you should be able to get close to that price.

The commission on this trade should be no more than $1.30 per spread. Each spread would then yield $83.70. This trade reduces your buying power by $500, making your net investment $416.30 per spread ($500 – $83.70). If DRI closes below $145 on Nov. 17, the options will expire worthless and your return on the spread would be 20% ($83.70/$416.30).

Happy trading,

Jon L

**Our QQQ portfolio is up more than 70% in 2023! Our MSFT portfolio is up around 30%! Overall, we’re beating the S&P. Don’t be left behind … now you can save more than 50% on a monthly subscription to Terry’s Tips. Just Click Here, select Sign Up Now and use Coupon Code D21M to start a monthly subscription to Terry’s Tips for half off.**

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September 25, 2023

Cold and Soggy

There were a few interesting earnings announcements this week, even though we’re in the quiet period for earnings reports (things start to ramp up again in three weeks). In fact, I had three bearish plays to choose from. That’s a good thing since we currently have three bullish and three bearish trades open, and I feel like the bears need a little more weight after the past week’s Fed-infected price action.

The trade this week is on prepared-food giant General Mills (GIS), which owns several iconic cereal brands along with such names as Betty Crocker, Blue Buffalo, Pillsbury, Progresso, Green Giant and Yoplait. GIS reported earnings numbers on Wednesday before the open that were filled with a lot of “buts.” Sales increased 4% due to higher prices, but volume was lower. Net income beat the consensus expectation but fell 18% from a year ago. GIS executives are bullish on their pet food segment but sales for the quarter were flat. Moreover, some analysts feel that consumers are reaching their limit on rising food costs. And GIS’s CFO said that the company’s operating profit margin will not improve this year.

All in all, it was not a great report, which is perhaps why the stock was hit with a few price target cuts. At least there were no ratings downgrades. Analysts on the whole are neutral toward the stock, while the average target price is in the $70-75 range compared to Friday’s close near $65.

Perhaps analysts would be a bit more skeptical if they took a quick glance at GIS’s chart, which shows the stock plunging 30% in the past four months. This descent has been expertly guided by the 20-day moving average, a trendline the stock has closed above just four times since mid-May. This resistance was evident the two days after earnings this week, when the shares failed to pierce the 20-day with early rallies. Note that the short call strike of our spread sits above this trendline.

If you agree that the stock will continue its downtrend after an uninspiring earnings report and remain below its 20-day moving average (blue line), consider the following credit spread trade that relies on GIS staying below $67.50 (red line) through expiration in 8 weeks:

Buy to Open the GIS 17 Nov 70 call (GIS231117C70)
Sell to Open the GIS 17 Nov 67.5 call (GIS231117C67.5) for a credit of $0.45 (selling a vertical)

This credit is $0.05 less than the mid-point price of the spread at Friday’s $64.82 close. Unless GIS falls sharply at the open on Monday, you should be able to get close to that price.

The commission on this trade should be no more than $1.30 per spread. Each spread would then yield $43.70. This trade reduces your buying power by $200, making your net investment $156.30 per spread ($200 – $43.70). If GIS closes below $67.50 on Nov. 17, the options will expire worthless and your return on the spread would be 28% ($43.70/$156.30).

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The “Greeks”

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The “Greeks”

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